Make a little bee-house in your soul

Wild bees

There are many thousands of varieties of bees besides those which make honey. In Canada we have at least 730, which is only 4% of the approximately 19,000 species world-wide, but only 39 of those reside in Ontario (as far as we know right now, as insects are notoriously difficult to find). (1)

Bees developed from digger wasps, but instead of killing prey for their young they switched to pollen. Bees are almost as old as flowers in the timeline of the earth. Most bee species do not live in colonies, but provide a store of pollen for their young in a safe place where the egg is deposited. The only species native to Canada that rear their young and live in colonies are Bumblebees, which live in abandoned rodent burrows. Of those who do not live in colonies most make their nests in the ground, but a good number of them like the pithy stems of plants, beetle-holes in wood, or other naturally occurring cavities (like snail shells). A few make a nest under rocks.(2)

How to build a cheap hoop house

http://doorgarden.com/2008/10/27/50-dollar-hoop-house-green-house/

This is just a link because I've never made one, but these instructions look pretty good, actually.

Time for tea- herbal tea blends and recipes

I have a great teapot which has an infuser under the lid, so I can make up a whole pot at a time, but I also use a tea ball for individual cups. Herbal tea usually takes about five minutes to steep. Sweeten with a bit of honey to keep the complex flavour palette.

Peppermint tea-
There isn't much more simple than this. Use one teaspoon of dried or 1 tablespoon fresh leaves per cup.

Lavender tea-
One tablespoon of fresh or dried lavender flowers per cup of water. You can add mint or lemon balm as you like.

How to grow and store your own herbal tea

Some herbs to try-
Mint, Lavender, Lemon verbena, Lemon balm, Thyme, Chamomile, Rosemary, Fennel, Sage, Lemon grass (will grow in a pot and can be over-wintered that way), Rose hips (I've mentioned this before, but they have an amazing amount of vitamin C), Linden tree flowers (harvest before the flower bud opens, and they taste like honey), Hyssop (lovely, fragrant leaves and the bees love the flowers), Clover blossoms,Organic citrus peels (eat the fruit and save the peels from the outside. Trim off the sour, white rind to improve the flavour), Blackberry and raspberry leaves, and Borage (the flowers are sweet and the leaves a bit cucumber-y). If you want to get some nutrition into yourself in early spring try gathering some nettles. They are surprisingly healthy, with vitamin C, B1, K, carotenoids, and a lot of calcium and magnesium and a few other minerals. Use gloves to gather them because of the stinging, but after being immersed in hot water they are safe to handle. Young nettles were commonly chopped up and added to pottages in the spring to help people recover after a winter of less food (and vitamins and minerals). Later in the summer they get too woody and fibrous. In fact, nettles are another source of spinnable fibres and are processed like flax.

How to dry and store herbs and plant material-

Eggless tea cake (literally- tea)

Another British recipe from WWII. I love that this one uses tea, although since it also uses wheat flour I'll never be eating it. I may try to find a way to substitute in for the wheat somehow. Kitchen experiment time.

Eggless Fruit Cake

• 1.5 cups self raising flour (or plain flour with 3 teaspoons of baking powder added)
• 1/4 tsp cinnamon
• 1/8 tsp nutmeg
• 1/4 tsp allspice
• 1/4 tsp ginger
• 1 level teaspoon of bicarbonate of soda
• pinch salt
• 1/2 cup of black tea (cold)
• 5 Tbsp butter
• 5 Tbsp sugar
• 1/3 cup dried fruit

Plant-based rennets for cheese

The Medieval Cheese Blog is an amazing resource. I'm planning on trying a couple of these suggestions for making cheese- Plant-based cheese rennets

The most accessible plants mentioned are nettle, thistle, cardoon, sorrel and lady's bedstraw (that's a very multi-purpose plant!). The other option she mentions is the sap of a fig tree. While it's possible to grow those in Ontario, unless you live in zone 7 it's a serious pain to try and keep them.

I've harvested a few early sorrel leaves from the garden, so I'll see how it turns out.

Keeping bees

I've decided to go in with a few friends and keep a hive of honeybees- only one for this first year because it's a bit expensive to start. It's illegal to use the medieval-style of hives (because they aren't as good for bee health), so I'll be using the modern Langstroth variety. It's the most popular and has the most information for beginners. If all goes well we might add another hive next year.

I admit that I'm a bit daunted and nervous. There will eventually be a LOT of bees. There are so many things that can go wrong. Bees have been under an unprecedented amount of stress from disease and parasites. I don't think they've had so much to deal with at once in all their 40 million year history.

Those pictures of foulbrood that I've seen on the 'net turn my stomach. If that happens I might just set the whole hive alight... Unfortunately, that's the best method of keeping the bee-eating bacteria from spreading to other hives and wild bees. The second best method is burning the frames and thoroughly scorching the inside of the hive bodies. The spores live up to 40 years in a dormant state. Once a colony has it, that colony is dead. I refuse to administer antibacterial treatments which become something you have to give that colony indefinitely. That's just breeding a super-bug. Plus, it gets into the honey you will be eating. Again, breeding super-bugs and damaging your own immune system. No thanks.

In my head I have this beautiful idea of a large garden of flowers, herbs and vegetables, drenched in sunshine and humming with bees. It's my idea of heaven on earth, actually. Hopefully, one day I'll be able to have that.